The aircraft engine (ionic propulsion unit of ions, that accelerates the positive ions through a potential difference) is approximately ten times more efficient than classic system based on combustion.
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Introduction
Propulsion,Modern Propulsions for Aerospace-Part II Articles on an aircraft, is obtained by creating a force, called thrust, which results from the acceleration of a mass of air by a propeller (driven by a piston engine or a turboshaft engine), or by the combustion of an air/fuel mixture (turbojet engine or rocket engine).
The powertrain, which usually includes one, two or four engines, is one of the main components of the aircraft. This characteristic is often used to classify aircraft: mono, bi or quadrimo, bi or quadritoprop, mono, bi or quadrijet.
The single-flow turbojet engine, which appeared in the Second World War, has given rise to turboprop and turbofan derivatives (turbofan engines) used on almost all heavy or fast-moving aircraft (less than 800 km/h), civilian and military, as well as on fighter jets. There is also a hybrid between these two systems called “propfan”.
At the beginning of the 21st century, the propeller-driven piston engine remained the most widely used system in almost all light aircraft (ULMs, planes and light helicopters). It was supplanted by the turbine engine for heavy or rapid helicopters, civil and military. The thrusters are classified below according to their dilution ratio: The proportion between the thrust resulting from the acceleration of cold air and hot air. This classification has the merit of showing that a single principle is used for propulsion, even if it is declined in different technologies. That is why this article includes the propeller-driven motor, the ramjet and the pulsoreactor, which, although they have not undergone significant development, are part of the continuity of the presentation (Petrescu et al., 2017 a-c; Mirsayar et al., 2017).
Speaking about a new engine ionic, means to speak about a new aircraft. The paper presents in a short time the actual engines ion chambers (called the ion thrusters) and other new ionic motors proposed by the authors. The engine (ionic propulsion unit of ions, that accelerates the positive ions through a potential difference) is approximately ten times more efficient than classic system based on combustion. We can further improve the efficiency of the 10-50 times in the case in which is used the pulses of positive ions accelerated in a cyclotron mounted on the ship; efficiency may increase with ease of a thousand times in the case in which the positive ions will be accelerate in a synchrotron high energy, synchrocyclotron or isochronous cyclotron (1-100 GeV). For this, the great classic synchrotron is reduced to a surface-ring (magnetic core). The future (ionic) engine will have a circular particle binding (energy high or very high speed). Thus we can increase the speed and autonomy of the vessel, using a smaller quantity of fuel. It can be used a radiation synchrotron (synchrotron high intensity), with X-ray or gamma radiation. In this case, will result in a beam engine with the wiring (not an ionic engine), which will use only the power (energy, which may be solar energy, nuclear energy, or a combination) and so we will eliminate the fuel. It is suggested to use a powerful LINAC at the outlet of the synchrotron (especially when one accelerates the electron beam) in order not to lose power by photons of the emission premature. With a new ionic engine practically builds a brand new aircraft that can move through the water and air with the same ease. This new aircraft will be able to expedite directly, without an engine with the additional combustion and without the gravity assistance (Petrescu and Petrescu, 2011, 2012, 2013a, 2013b, 2013c).
History
Hermann Oberth father romanian-german (Romanian citizen by German ethnicity) of missiles, has an inheritance joint venture. On the one hand, he developed the V-2 rockets for nazi Germany during the World War II. On the other hand, his ideas, rejected as not plausible at that time (when presented them as part of its allegations of doctoral), had opened the way for the development of the rockets and later helped up-to-the-minute in the United States of America in space.
Her Youth
Hermann Oberth Julius was born in June 25 1894, from parents speakers of German and Romanian from Transilvania (a province in Romania). Inspired by the novel science fiction of Jules Verne, “from earth to moon”, Oberth leans early to study mathematics, of which he knew that finally he need. At the age of 14 years, Oberth has designed the concept of a rocket back down, which would be the use of exhaust gas expelled to propel.
The son of a doctor, Oberth has participated at the University of Munich, in 1912 to study medicine. During the first world war, he served as a doctor in the army Austro-Hungarian occupation, where he quickly realized that he did not want to be a doctor. In 1917, he suggested the development of missiles long range of action with the liquid fuel for the German army, which has immediately rejected the idea. He studied, also, the feasibility of a rocket with several steps to the waiver gears who were useless.
Oberth married Mathilde Hummel on 6 July 1918. The couple has had four children, two of whom were killed during the second world war.
The Theory of the Missile Dismissed
At the end of the first world war, Oberth returned to Germany to participate at the University of Heidelberg, studying physical, rather than medicine. In 1922, he presented dissertation based on a design by the missile. It has been rejected by the scientists gophers then.
It fiercely, he has published his theories as a pamphlet entitled “Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen” (“by missile in space planetary drive”), which has extended it subsequently at 429 pages. The work not only of the mathematical demonstrated the ability of a rocket leaving the orbiting the earth, but also explored the theory that finally they will be able to operate in a vacuum, where they would be able to travel even faster than their own exhaust (When Robert Goddard has proposed in an independent manner, the idea that a missile would be able to maintain the tractive force in a vacuum in the year 1920, he was faced with a public ridiculing.).
Oberth also has reached the problems with respect to the potential effects of the traveling in the space on the human body, as well as the ability to launch satellites orbit.
The work of the Oberth have attracted a lot of attention from the community of missiles, inspiring a young Werhner von Braun to apply in math and physics in order to better understand the equations. A few years later von Braun introduced Oberth in the “German Space Travel Society”, where later Oberth become the president.
The Years of War
Oberth has acquired the German citizenship in 1940. During the second world war, Oberth joined to the former pupil, von Braun to produce the famous missiles V-2 for Germany: 27,000 pounds (12250 kg) missile could carry over 3,500 km. So the missile have rained over Great Britain during the second world war, killing over 3,000 persons and injuries to other tens of thousands.
Before the end of the war, Oberth has left the project V-2 to develop rockets solid fuel anti-airline. After the second world war, Oberth served in the quality of the consultant of missiles in Switzerland and has worked to the development of the outboard motors for air missiles for marina Italian.
In 1955, Oberth has moved to the United States to work again with the von Braun, this time with respect to the development of missiles capable of reaching the space for the US army. Their work resulted in the development of the champion Saturn V, who has carried people per month. Has not adapted to the American life, where he remained only for a period of three years, after which he will be permanently withdrawn in the West Germany in 1958 (it would be desirable to return to the homeland of his native, Romania, but he could not because of the new communist regime installed in the whole Eastern Europe; moreover even Germany was divided into two after the second world war, having regard and an area Eastern Europe, the communist regime, which Oberth avoided it permanent).
After his withdrawal, Oberth has continued to work at the theoretical studies by the missile. He died on 29 December 1989, in Nuremburg, West Germany, immediately after the fall of the Berlin Wall (symbol of the beginning of the end of the age and the experiment of communism).
Although Oberth has developed many of the theories of the early his at the same time as the American engineer Robert Goddard and man of science rus Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, there is no clear evidence that the last two were based on a different work of him (the oldest). As such, all three men are considered together as parents missiles.
Methods and Materials
An ion thruster is a form of propulsion diagram used for the propulsion of the spatial vessels which creates the tractive force by accelerating ions. Ion thruster is characterized by the way in which they accelerates the ions by use of force be electrostatic or electromagnetically. Propulsions by ion electrostatic discharge use force Coulomb and accelerates the ions in the direction of the electric field strength. Electromagnetic propulsions of ions use of force Lorentz to accelerate the ions. Please note that the term ‘propulsion unit ion” denotes frequently outboard of ions electrostatic discharge or grid, only.
Pushrod created in ion thruster is very small in comparison with the rocket conventional chemical, but an impulse to the very high, or fuel efficiency which shall be obtained (Petrescu and Petrescu, 2011, 2012, 2013a, 2013b, 2013c).
Because of the needs of their power relatively high, taking into account the specific power of power supplies, as well as the requirement of a vacuum environment of other ionizing particle, propulsion the tractive force of ions in the present time is only possible in the outer space.
The first experiments with tappets of ions have been carried out by Robert Goddard at Clark College 1916-1917 (Goddard, 1916). The technique has been recommended for conditions close to the vacuum pump at high altitude, but the tractive force has been demonstrated with streams of ionized air to atmospheric pressure. The idea has appeared again in Hermann Oberth of “Wegezur Raumschiffahrt” (Ways of Spaceflight), published in 1923 (Hermann Oberth, From Wikipedia, Oberth, 1955).
A tappet of ions work has been built by Harold R. Kaufman in 1959 installations at NASA Glenn (Kaufman, 1959). It was similar to the design of the general of a tappet incised electrostatic ion with mercury as fuel or. Future comercial applications tests of the engine followed in 1960 and in 1964 the engine has been sent in a future comercial applications flight on board electrical Orizont Test 1 (SERT 1). It has been operating successfully planned for 31 minutes before you are ready to fall back on the ground (Petrescu and Petrescu, 2011, 2012, 2013a, 2013b, 2013c).
Center researcher Harold Kaufman has the rare distinction of inventing an experimental spaceflight hardware system that has not only been demonstrated in testing but is being flown in space today. In the early 1960s Kaufman developed the electron bombardment ion thruster. All ensuing U.S. ion propulsion systems have been derived from his original Kaufman thruster and electric propulsion remains one of the center’s core competencies. After retiring from NASA, Dr. Kaufman adapted the technology for a number of Earth applications and developed a gridless thruster that has become another industry standard.
Kaufman was born in Audobon, Iowa, in 1926 but was raised in Evanston, Illinois. He was trained as an electrical engineer in the Navy during World War II. After the war, however, he decided to pursue a mechanical engineering degree at Northwestern University. He joined the NACA Lewis Research Center shortly after graduating in 1951, initially working on aeropropulsion issues such as afterburner cooling and the experimental use of liquid hydrogen in jet engines.
Following the Soviet Union’s launch of Sputnik in 1957, the NACA became a part of the new NASA space agency and the center reorganized to focus on space-related issues. Electric propulsion involved ion thrusters, which create charged plasma and expel it as thrust. The concept was not new, but it had yet to be demonstrated when NASA Lewis took up the effort in 1958. Lewis devised mission applications for such a thruster, began constructing vacuum test facilities and formed the Electromagnetic Propulsion Division to explore a range of different types of electric propulsion for spaceflight (Petrescu, 2009).
In 1958 Kaufman was reassigned to the new Electromagnetic Propulsion Division. He was initially instructed to design a thruster using a Manfred Von Ardenne-designed duoplasmatron but quickly realized that it was impractical. He began work on his own duoplasmatron, which was similar in nature, but used different proportions. Kaufman spent the next year studying plasma physics and ways to produce high electrical currents at low voltage. After some trial and error with the Lewis Machine Shop, Kaufman decided to design the thruster himself. The electronic bombardment thruster (Kaufman thruster) emerged.
Kaufman’s engine vaporized liquid mercury, which was then bombarded by electrons to create more electrons and ions. A negatively charged electric field and a positively charged screen drew the ions rearward and out of the engine as thrust. The thruster was tested extensively in Lewis vacuum facilities with excellent results.
In 1960 Kaufman and his colleagues began planning the Space Electric Rocket Test (SERT I) to test the thruster in space. The SERT I spacecraft, which was launched in July 1964, also included an alternative style thruster designed at the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. Kaufman’s thruster operated for over 30 min, but the Marshall engine failed to activate. SERT I provided the first demonstration of electric propulsion in space.
In 1964 Kaufman was named head of the Ion Physics Branch and began planning a second space demonstration of his thruster, SERT II. SERT II employed two solar-powered mercury ion bombardment thrusters. Lewis subjected the thrusters to an array of tests, including long-duration performance. Although SERT II’s initial mission, which was launched in February 1970, did not meet its intended 6-month duration, engineers were able to restart the engines in 1973. They then were able to operate the thrusters for eight years and restart them hundreds of times.
During this period the Electromagnetic Propulsion Division not only improved the ion acceleration, generation, efficiency and life expectancy for Kaufman’s thruster, but developed alternative electric thrusters. Kaufman was named assistant chief of the division in 1968 and earned a Ph.D. at Colorado State University (CSU) in 1971. Dr. Kaufman and his thruster were widely recognized during this period. The American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) awarded him the James H. Wyld Propulsion Award in 1969, the thruster won an IR 100 award (predecessor to the R&D 100 Awards) in 1970 and Kaufman received NASA’s Exceptional Service Award in 1971.
NASA’s budget was rapidly decreasing in the late 1960s and early 1970s, particularly for programs with long development periods-such as electric propulsion. The Electromagnetic Propulsion Division was disbanded during a 1972 reorganization. After serving two years as Assistant Chief of the new Spacecraft Technology Division, in which electric propulsion was just one of several branches, Dr. Kaufman retired in June 1974 with 23 years of NASA experience.
Dr. Kaufman subsequently accepted a faculty post in the Physics and Mechanical Engineering departments at CSU and returned to research (Petrescu, 2009).
Gridded electrostatic ion thrusters (ionic) normally are using xenon gas. This gas has no charge and ionized is by the bombing with the electron beam in the energy sector. These electrons can be supplied from a filament Hot Cathode and accelerated in the field of the electric cathode side falling to the anode (type engine Kaufman ionic). Alternatively, the electrons can be accelerated by the electric field induced rocking by a magnetic field alternate a coil, which results in a discharge of stand-alone and omits any cathode (radio frequency ion propulsion unit).
The ions positive charge is extracted through a system of extraction apparatus consisting of 2 or 3 multiple grilles apertures. After the entry into the net system by means of the shell of plasma ions are accelerated due to the difference of potential between the first and second grid (called screen and grid accelerator depressed) for energy final ions typically 1-2 keV, thus generating draft force.
Thrusters ion emit a beam of Positive Ions Xenon only loaded. To avoid loading of the operation of the space ship another cathode, located in the vicinity of the engine, issue additional electron (in fact the current of electrons is the same as the current of ions) in the wiring ions. This prevents, also the beam of ions from the return to the spaceship and cancellation, thus draft force (Petrescu, 2009).
Field Emission Electric Propulsion (FEEP) thrusters use a very simple system for the acceleration of ions of metal liquid to create the draft force. Most models will use either caesium chloride or indium as an agent is lowered. The design is composed of a fuel tank than that stores liquid metal, a very small, allowing the liquid flows through and then the ring accelerator. Caesium and indium are used because of the high weights, atomic potential low ionization and points of low melting. After the liquid metal reaches the inside of the slot in the transmitter, an electric field applied between the master cylinder and the accelerator ring determines the liquid metal to become unstable and ionization. This creates a positive ion, which can then be accelerated in the electric field created by the transmitter and the ring accelerator. These charged ions are positive then neutralized by an external source of electrons in order to prevent the loading of the hull of the vessel of space (Petrescu, 2009).
Pulsed Inductive Thrusters (PIT) use a system touch the push